Civil liberties campaigners say officers were given a one-size-fits-all strategy of confrontation and containment rather than facilitation where appropriate.

BBC: Policing protest: Case studies of how forces perform

This represents a strategy of confrontation with the US and involves many risks.

BBC: What does Abbas hope to achieve with UN state bid?

The party, Herri Batasuna, blamed the breakdown of the truce on inflexibility by other parties in Spain and France, saying they had only pursued a strategy of confrontation.

BBC: ETA political wing calls for calm