外部效应
外部效应(Externality)是一个经济学名词,指一个人的行为直接影响他人的福祉,却没有承担相应的义务或获得回报,亦称外部成本、外部效应、界外成本、界...
外部性
现代经济学理论研究表明,外部性〈Externality)是经济运行中一个可能经常出现的现象。所谓外部性,是指一种由某个当事人的个人行动给他人带来的或由他人承担的损害。
外在性
用经济学的语言,球友之间互有外在性(Externality)。教科书里是这么定义外在性的:每当一个经济人(Economic Agent)的福祉直接受到另一个经济人的影响,就说后者对前者有外在性。
外形
... external 指与其他物体分离或没有关系的外部,不涉及内容,只说明全然是外部的。 externality 外形 externalize 客观化 ...
网络外部性 ; 连带外部效应
负外部性 ; 负的外部性 ; 负面外部性 ; 负面外部效应
外部性 ; 货币外部性
外在性;外形;外部事物
In economics, an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit.For example, manufacturing activities that cause air pollution impose health and clean-up costs on the whole society, whereas the neighbors of an individual who chooses to fire-proof his home may benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses. If external costs exist, such as pollution, the producer may choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the producer were required to pay all associated environmental costs. If there are external benefits, such as in public safety, less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others. For the purpose of these statements, overall cost and benefit to society is defined as the sum of the imputed monetary value of benefits and costs to all parties involved. Thus, unregulated markets in goods or services with significant externalities generate prices that do not reflect the full social cost or benefit of their transactions; such markets are therefore inefficient.