Another pioneer was John von Neumann, a Hungarian mathematician.

Digital artificial life research is based on the original work of Stanislaw Ulam and John von Neumann at Los Alamos Laboratory during the 1940s.

While it is known today that every Walras equilibrium is Pareto efficient, this was not known until more complex proofs were devised in 1936 by Abraham Waldand John von Neumannin 1938.