and when he lays out the ideal society in his view in the Republic, we find there are multiple rulers.

他在《理想国》一书中论述了心目中的,理想社会,我们从中能看出精英集团的存在

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

Justice is nothing more or less right than what benefits the rulers, the rulers who determine the laws of justice.

正义没有对错,只要那对统治者有利，因是由他们决定正义的法律。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

Now this will become a problem obviously when we talk about Judaism, because Jews--the Greek rulers, were trying to do the same thing with Jewish gods and Jewish figures, as they had elsewhere.

显然，这种方法用在犹太教会产生问题，因为犹太人。。。希腊统治者试图用，同样的方法，处理犹太神。

耶鲁公开课 - 新约课程节选

It's also worth pointing out that these rulers had full religious authority for their rule.

值得指出的还有,这些统治者还拥有着完全的宗教权威

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

They established a dynasty of Semitic rulers.

他们建立了闪族统治者掌管的王朝。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

Every polity of which we know is based upon a distinction between the rulers and the ruled.

每一个我们所知的政体,都是根据,统治者与被统治者的区分而定。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

The city will not be benefited as much from changing law as it will be harmed " through being habituated to disobey the rulers."

城市并不会因为变法而受益,就像习惯于,违抗统治者一样有害“

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

So, between 1650 and 1750, and this is right out of what you're reading, the rulers of continental Europe, of the biggest states extended their power.

所以从1650年到1750年这段时期,这正好与你们阅读的内容一致,欧陆上,统治者们扩张了他们的势力

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Rulers have been thought to be divine or appointed spokesmen for divinity.

人们或笃信统治者为神,或承认他们是神在人间的代理

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

So, that makes it clear we're talking about a wealthy civilization, at least in which the rulers are wealthy, and in which the rulers, of course, are very powerful.

以上正说明了我们所讨论的是一个富有的文明,至少它的统治者很富有,当然,也很强大

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

He creates committees of advisors that, in many ways, are not that different than the kinds of ministries that would evolve in western absolute rulers-- absolute states, and in non-absolute states as well.

彼得大帝建立了顾问委员会,在很多方面,这都和西方绝对统治者的内阁相差无几,无论是绝对主义国家还是非绝对主义国家

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

So, for absolute rulers, the link to religion you can read about, but there's always the sense that he or she is doing God's will by exploiting ordinary peasants, ordinary people and conquering other territories.

所以对于绝对统治者,你会在书本上读到他们与宗教之间的联系,但是存在这样一种观点,即绝对统治者是代天授命,所以他们有理由剥削民众并且扩张领土

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

They are, to put it another way perhaps, not only potential rulers and potential philosophers, they may also be potential revolutionaries, and the remainder of the book is addressed to them and of course people like them.

他们，换个角度来看，也许不只是潜在的统治者与潜在的哲学家，还是潜在的革命者，本书往下,都是讲他们,及像他们那样的人物。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

And so I said that the nations of the world will never cease from trouble until either the true breed of philosophers shall come to political office or until that of the rulers shall, by some divine law, " take the pursuit of philosophy."

所以我说,世界上的国家和种族永远不会停止纷争,直到正牌的哲学家,接管政权,或直到统治者都受某种神圣法律所辖，开始追求哲学“

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

So, absolute rulers didn't really have to pay attention to these assemblies.

所以说,绝对统治者实际上不用理会议会

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

As I already suggested, and I would insist upon this again, that the consolidation of territorial rulers had already given the basis to an expanding, more formalized state structure, even in England.

我提到过 现在再强调一遍,国家的兼并,君权的加强为一个日益庞大,更有章法的现代国家的形成奠定了基础,在英格兰也是如此

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选