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Instead of imagining lobotomizing us, turning us into rats, suppose we just say, look, the problem is really this.
这次不用额叶切除术把我们变成老鼠，问题的症结是。
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so recording from the brains of mice and rats
就是观察记录实验鼠大脑的反应。
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As Little Albert was playing with the rat, " "Oh, I like rats, oh," and banged the metal bar right here .
小阿尔伯特正在和老鼠玩耍，“噢，我喜欢老鼠“,重击那里的金属棒。
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And they eat cats as well, and, of course, rats.
当然了,人们也吃猫,有时也吃老鼠
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It's that there's something that distinguishes humans from rats.
但人类和老鼠不同。
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What they show was rats who went through the maze and went through the maze again and again, learned far less than rats who took time aside, chilled out a little bit after a maze, had more margarita.
他们的实验表明,接连不断反复进入迷宫的老鼠，比进行一次迷宫后，稍事放松，来点小酒的老鼠，学到的少得多。
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Good, so in the standard story you've got these two crooks, or two accused crooks, and they're in separate cells and they're being interviewed separately--kept apart--and they're both told that if neither of them rats the other guy out, they'll go to jail for say a year.
在故事里有两个罪犯,他们都被指控了 被分别关进了牢房,他们俩被单独提审,两人都知道如果他们不坦白,他们都要只需要坐一年牢
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I don't think they were having very good success, but they did notice something interesting which is that the rat kept returning to the corner of the cage in which it was stimulated the day before So Olds got an interesting idea, he said, what if we let the rats stimulate in its own brain, what would happen.
他们的试验并不是非常成功，但他们确实是注意到了一些有趣的事情,老鼠总是会回到,昨天接受刺激的那个箱子的角落,因此奥兹产生了一个有趣的想法，他想，如果我们让老鼠在自己的脑中对自己进行刺激会，发生什么事情。
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Let me ask another question, if you give this-- and we'll talk about this in a later lecture, but if you give this diet to laboratory animal-- rats, mice, whatever-- it's very common for animals to gain a good bit of weight when given access to this diet.
我们来看另一个问题,如果你给,我们将在以后的课上讨论这个话题,但如果你给实验室动物,像小白鼠之类的,给予某种类型的饮食,这种饮食习惯会使得体重增加
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And then it ends up in the cats' feces and then it ends up back in rats.
它从猫的排泄物中排出,又到老鼠体内。
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This is from a classic study by Tolman where rats were taught to run a maze.
这是托尔曼的经典实验,训练白鼠走迷津。
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And what they found was the rats did fine.
研究者们发现白鼠能够很好的解决问题。
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And Paris had and still has millions of rats.
现在的巴黎仍有不计其数的老鼠
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But it gets passed on when the rats get eaten by cats.
但当老鼠被猫吃掉时，他就死掉。
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They might say, "Humans and rats aren't different at all.
他们会说，“人和老鼠根本没有区别。
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Now, what happens to rats when you do this?
这么做时，老鼠会怎样？
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Little Albert originally liked rats.
小阿尔伯特原本喜欢老鼠。
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Even if you come home about two or 2:30 in the morning near our apartment you can still see rather large rats dashing across the street; some of them look so bloated they look like sangliers, or wild boar, which you can see occasionally in parts of rural France.
如果你是在凌晨两点或两点半回家,在你家附近,仍会有来回乱窜的特大号老鼠,你偶尔可以在法国的乡下看到,一些老鼠大得像野猪
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If Skinner kept the focus on rats and pigeons and dogs, he would not have the impact that he did but he argued that you could extend all of these notions to humans and to human behavior.
如果斯金纳只是研究老鼠鸽子或是狗，他就不会拥有如此巨大的有影响力了,但他宣称，这些概念是可以应用到,人类以及人类行为中去的。
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