And in particular, dairy maids, whose responsibility was to milk cows, and so they had a very intimate relationship with cattle, often didn't get disease.

特别是挤奶女工,她们的工作就是挤奶,她们与奶牛有紧密的关系,通常不会得天花

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

But variola, which causes smallpox in humans, and vaccinia, which causes a disease called cowpox in cattle, turned out to be, we now know, viruses that are molecularly very similar.

但是导致天花的人痘病毒,和导致牛痘,的牛痘病毒,后来发现其实是,我们现在知道,这两种病毒在分子水平上十分相似

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

They are engaged in raising livestock, which in Greece is more likely to be sheep and goats than cattle, but also breeding horses, which is very important for the aristocracy for carrying on warfare.

他们擅长豢养牲畜,在当地似乎养绵羊和山羊比牛要来的容易,但是他们同样养马,这对于贵族阶层发动战争很重要

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

So, you're starting out with about-- please don't write these down-- 24,000 cattle, 150,000 sheep, 6,000 hogs, and that is not enough to eat, and people become quite obsessed with what they're going to eat.

这样一来你至少需要,这个不用做笔记,两万四千头牛,十五万只羊,六千头猪,而这些只够勉强维持,人们开始为吃什么犯愁

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

You've got horses which you need for the army but also which they start slaughtering; you've got cattle but you have enough food to last for maybe a month; there's always a lot to drink because of the caves, that is, the wine cellars that people had, but things get worse and worse.

你有军队所需的马,但是士兵会把马杀来吃,你有牛,但是这些食物只能,维持大概一个月的时间,喝的东西总是不缺的,因为他们有酒窖,就是用来储藏葡萄酒的酒窖,不过事态还是变得越来越糟

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选