When they do that they can actually engulf the bacteria in a process called phagocytosis and break them down into antigens.

免疫细胞确实是将细菌整个吞进了肚内,这一过程称为吞噬作用,并将细菌分解成小抗原

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So a vaccine is designed in order to engage that biology, in order to provide antigens that will stimulate specifically your immune system.

所以疫苗的作用就是参与这个生理活动,提供抗原 来刺激你的免疫系统

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They're just antigens that belong to you and so you don't normally mount an immune response to antigens that are part of you.

它们是你的自身抗原,但通常对自身抗原不会产生免疫反应

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Any molecule can be an antigen; the food that you eat is full of antigens, microbes that try to live in your body are full of antigens.

任何分子都可以成为抗原,你吃的食物中富含抗原,试图栖息在你身体中的微生物充满抗原

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That shouldn't be too surprising given what we talked about last week, that your immune system, the adaptive immune system in particular, responds to individual antigens differently.

你们不必惊讶,上周我们讲过免疫系统,特别是适应性免疫系统,对不同抗原的应答是具有特异性的

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, antigens are molecules or pieces of molecules that stimulate an immune response.

所以 抗原是可以激发免疫反应的,分子或分子碎片

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We're going to - one of the reasons why you'll see why cell mediated responses are important is because antigens can appear in your body in different ways.

我们将--,细胞免疫如此重要的一个原因是,抗原能够以不同方式出现在体内

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Pieces of your own cells are antigens as well.

你自身细胞的碎片也是抗原

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It can separate between what's part of yourself and what's foreign, and it does that by presenting, by recognizing antigens that are presented in the context of the major histocompatibility complex, MHC.

免疫系统可以识别出哪些是属于你的,哪些是外来的,它通过呈递和识别抗原达到目的,而抗原是存在于,主要组织相容性复合体中的

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It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.

通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用

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We're going to talk a lot about antibodies over the next week or so, but antibodies are specialized proteins that, as you know, are designed to bind to antigens or foreign molecules inside the body.

我们将会在接下来的几周,讲许多关于抗体的内容,抗体是一种特殊蛋白质,众所周知,抗体用于结合身体内的抗原和外源分子

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So, our bodies are capable of making antibodies that are tuned for all the potential antigens that we come into contact with, That's amazing that we have this capacity to respond and you respond only when needed.

所以 我们的身体具有制造抗体的能力,这些抗体对于各种潜在抗原具有特异性,我们具有只在需要时做出,免疫反应的能力 这太让人惊叹了

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We're going to talk about this kind of non-covalent interaction more when we talk about the immune system, because one example of ligand and receptors that's important in the immune system are antigens - foreign molecules, and antibodies - molecules that we produce.

当我们讲到免疫系统的时候,会更详细地谈到这种非共价化合反应,因为在免疫系统中,一个重要的配体受体结合反应,就是抗原,即外源分子,与抗体,这个人体自身产生的分子结合

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If there were just-- if you were trying to create a positive reaction of antigens and it showed up naturally wouldn't it create this reaction anyway in terms of your body would create antibodies like the secondary response volume to antibodies?

如果这里仅有,如果在自然条件下,尝试建立抗原的阳性反应,抗体这是否会像这样反应,以你身体为例,你的身体是否会产生,同二次免疫一样的抗体浓度

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So, these memory cells are a way that your immune system keeps track of antigens that it's been exposed to for even if maybe the plasma cells that were producing antibody in response to the initial exposure have died and disappeared.

所以,这些记忆细胞,是人体免疫系统记忆抗原的一种方法,即使由浆细胞产生的抗体,在初次免疫应答中全部被消灭,记忆细胞仍然能迅速分化为抗体分泌细胞

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You could probably find some antigens that don't follow exactly this behavior, but in general, this is the kind of behavior you would see on first exposure to an antigen or vaccine, called the primary exposure, and on subsequent exposure to an antigen or vaccine called the boost.

可能你也会发现,一些抗原并不完全遵循这种模式,但通常来说,在你首次接触一种抗原或疫苗时,都能观察到这种模式,它被称为初次免疫,而接下来的,再次接触抗原或是疫苗被称为增强免疫

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They know that these cells are harboring the virus because those cells have foreign antigens on their MHC1.

它们能知道哪些细胞窝藏病毒,因为这些细胞的MHC1上有外源抗体

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They're capable of recognizing MHC1 together with foreign antigens.

它们能够同时识别MHC1和外源抗原

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The other thing that it does is that when a virus is inside these cells making its proteins, some of those proteins get processed or digested into small fragments that are themselves antigens.

HC的另一项作用是,当病毒在细胞内表达蛋白时,一些蛋白被加工,或者,分解成小片段而成为抗原

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Those antigens get expressed together with MHC1.

这些抗原同MHC1一起表达

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Then those antigens get expressed with MHC just like they did in all the other cells inside the host, but particular cells of the innate immune system have a different kind of MHC called MHC2.

这些抗原同MHC共表达,就如同抗原在其他宿主细胞中那样,但先天免疫系统有一类特殊的免疫细胞,具有一种称为MHC2的不同MHC

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