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So, if every tenth time your dog brought you the newspaper you gave it hugs and treats; that's ratio.
每当你的狗为你拿十次报纸,你就抱抱它，给它奖励;,这便是比率强化。
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And I want to spend a couple of minutes again reinforcing that. So if we look at that code and we were little more careful about this, what did we say to do? We said look an sorry.
内容了，我还要花几分钟,来强化下，所以,如果我们再仔细些看下代码，我们应该关注些什么？
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Now, of course, O'Connor was very good at imbuing her writing with repeated symbols that grow and accrue meaning across the text.
当然，奥康纳非常善于,使文章充满那些贯穿全文,且意义不断积累、,不断强化的象征。
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And so what you want to do, basically drawing upon the law of effect, is reinforce the pig for doing good things.
你所要做的就是，应用效果律，强化这头猪做出的令你满意的行为。
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We planned them into this intensively experience in the context of their own work.
我们让他们在承担,自身工作负担的情况下,参与这个强化体验。
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It just reinforces the point that I was trying to make a few moments ago that the crucial question is not survival per se.
这将强化我刚才试图阐明的一点,就是关键问题不是存在本身。
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Now, we have a process in late Medieval Europe of the consolidation of territorial monarchies.
现在,我们来探讨欧洲中世纪末期的,领土兼并以及王权强化
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So this is another kind of engineering, an engineering not to look more closely at how humans work but an engineering to improve their function when it's failing.
这便是另一种工程技术,它并不研究人体运作原理,而是强化某部位的功能,如果这个部位失效了的话
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And, so, Louis XIV, who liked to call himself the Sun God, a modest megalomaniac, he sends out officials into the provinces to enforce his will, and these dudes are called intendants--but that doesn't matter, you don't have to remember that.
因此,路易十四,自称为太阳王,一个外表谦虚实则嚣张自大的人,他派一些官员去各省强化他的意志,这些人被称作是监督官,这个不是重点,你们不用记这个
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There's two--One technical distinction that people love to put on Intro Psych exams is that the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.
心理学导论的考试中,会经常考到一个术语上的区别,即正强化,与负强化之间的区别。
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The difference is in positive reinforcement you do something; in negative reinforcement you take away something aversive.
区别就是，在正强化中你接受某种刺激;,而在负强化中你回避了某种厌恶刺激。
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It has many of the opposite effects that insulin has, so not only does insulin go down and stop these behaviors but a new hormone called glucagon gets produced which reinforces that change.
它产生的很多效应都与胰岛素相反,所以不仅是胰岛素的减少,导致血糖水平停止下降,胰高血糖素这种新激素的产生,也会强化该效应
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The discussion was over using things like poker chips for reinforcement and the point is exactly right.
这是关于应用筹码等物来强化行为的问题,她说的十分正确。
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So, if you want to expand the notion of reward or reinforcement to anything, then it's true.
将奖励或强化的概念,扩展到任何事物上，都是正确的。
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Because you nag, you nag, you nag, the person says, "Fine, okay," and that reinforces it.
因为孩子不停的唠叨，你只好说，好吧，而这就形成了强化。
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The difference between ratio is a reward every certain number of times somebody does something.
比率强化意思是,间隔一定比例才给予奖励。
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No, and there's several demonstrations at the time of Skinner suggesting that they don't.
答案是否定的，早在斯金纳的时代就已经有证据表明,动物无需强化与惩罚也能进行学习。
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An unreinforced trial is when you get the food without the bell.
非强化尝试是只有食物而没有铃声的时候。
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Finally, in the examples we're giving, whenever the pig does something you like you reinforce it.
最后，在我们之前提到的例子里，每当那头猪做出让你满意的行为,你就会强化它。
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But in the real world when dealing with humans, but even when dealing with animals, we don't actually always use primary reinforcers or negative reinforcers.
但当我们在现实中训练人类，甚至是训练动物时，我们实际上并不总是用到初级强化物,或是负强化物。
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Some of them get reinforced and those are the ones that survive and others don't get reinforced and those are the ones that go extinct.
一些行为得到了强化，因而保存了下来,另一些行为则并未得到强化,不再出现。
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And, in fact, once you teach an animal something, if you stop doing the teaching the response goes away and this is known as extinction.
事实上，条件反射形成以后，如果得不到强化,条件反应就会逐渐消失,这就是消退。
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And Skinner says that they all involve reinforcement; those are all reinforced behaviors.
斯金纳认为在这些行为之中都包含有强化;,这些行为都是受到强化的行为。
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An unreinforced response is when the bell goes on but there's no food.
非强化反应是有铃声但却没食物的时候。
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What he means, for instance, in this case is well, talking to yourself is self-reinforcing or giving bad news to an enemy is reinforcing because it makes your enemy feel bad.
比如在这个例子中，他的意思其实是，自言自语是种自我强化行为,而向敌人散布坏消息也是一种强化,因为这样做可以使敌人感到不快。
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Reinforcement is something that makes the behavior increase.
强化会导致人们行为反应概率的增加。
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Negative reinforcement is just a type of reward.
负强化只是奖励的一种形式而已。
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An interval is over a period of time.
时间强化则是间隔一定时间才给予奖励。
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wouldn't there be extinction after a while?
在强化消失后是否也会发生消退？
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