The cathode -governed VAD plasma is not in a local thermal equilibrium condition, and the ion demonstrates high directed velocity in excess of its thermal value.
由阴极过程主导的VAD等离子体并不满足局部热力学平衡条件，其中的离子表现出非常强的流动性。
According to the law of kirchhoff, the emissivity equals to the absorption rate when the material is at the condition of thermal equilibrium.
根据基尔霍夫定律，在热平衡状态下，材料的发射率等于它的吸收率。
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