Participants who played nonviolent games showed no increase in hostile expectations or aggression.

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For years, Obama and his national security team argued that, by and large, America's problems in the world resulted not from aggression or the ideological extremism of hostile actors abroad, but were the bitter fruit of America's history of bullying, selfishness and militarism, especially during the George W. Bush administration.

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The Gulf war achieved most of Mr Bush's announced goals: Kuwait was liberated, aggression was punished, oil reserves were kept out of hostile hands.

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