The Federal Reserve began raising rates to fend off inflation.

联邦储备委员会开始提高利率以防止通货膨胀。

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Europe fought two debt crises, and emerging economies tried to fend off potential inflation risks.

欧洲同两次债务危机拼死抵抗；新兴经济体纷纷为躲避潜在的通货膨胀而多方尝试。

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But slumping oil prices have triggered speculation against the Norwegian krone and the bank is having to shove up interest rates in an effort to fend off a feared burst of inflation.

ECONOMIST: Norway: Bondeviction? | The

High inflation is also putting pressure on consumer spending, making it more difficult to fend off recession.

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