If you toss a coin twice and the first experiment doesn't influence the second, we say they're independent and there's no relation between the two.

如果你抛两次硬币,第一次的结果并不影响第二次的结果,所以我们说他们是相互独立的,这两次试验没有关系

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

You might say the probability that you toss a coin and it comes up heads is a half, because it's equally likely to be heads and tails.

如果你抛一枚硬币,正面向上的概率一定是50%,因为正反哪一面向上的可能性是相同的

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

I mentioned this before -I think I mentioned it before -if you say, I'm going to ask you to bet on a coin toss.

我之前提到过...,应该提到过...,我邀请你与我赌硬币正反面

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

For example, if you ask people how much they would be willing to bet on a coin toss, they will typically bet more if they can toss the coin or they will bet more if the coin hasn't been tossed yet.

比如说,如果你问人们,他们愿意出多少钱去赌掷硬币,如果他们可以掷硬币,或在硬币还没被掷出前,他们会下更大的注

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选