In addition, frequent work stoppages by Hyundai's unionised workers also affected the carmaker's earnings.
Of the 46, 000 unionised jobs created by the company since 1993, only one-fifth are full-time.
Neighbouring Zhejiang province, a big export-manufacturing base, says 70% of foreign firms there are already unionised.
If trade unions are recognised, wages in unionised sectors might rise but employment might fall.
Last year just 12.5% of workers were unionised compared with over 30% in the 1950s.
The public sector is heavily unionised, so hacking at benefits could mean difficult negotiations or strikes.
But attitudes, particularly those of the teachers, who are heavily unionised, will have to change.
It also means making an effort to communicate with people outside the unionised ghetto.
The proportion of unionised workers is edging up in the swollen American public sector.
Now there is to be no reduction in the overall number of Italy's strongly unionised teachers.
The proportion of unionised workers in private firms has slipped below 8%, its lowest since the 1920s.
America's population has been moving from big firms to smaller ones, and small ones are less unionised.
The pensions crisis is worst at older, heavily unionised firms with lots of retired staff and generous benefits.
However, in most parts of America, unionised steel is a curiosity, destined, seemingly irreversibly, for the history books.
The unionised company may well then have to grant its workers better wages and conditions than its rival.
But for the Big Apple, heavily taxed and unionised to the hilt, it is more or less second nature.
UPS's unionised jobs are now part-time and those part-timers earn less than half as much, on average, as full-time staff.
The construction industry, one of the most heavily unionised, is having particular problems.
But there is no such plan to deal with a strike by both unionised labour and the (soon-to-be-unionised?) management.
Minimill operators such as Nucor, built on modern, flexible, non-unionised labour, have another quarter, and continue to take market share.
In America, they report, bosses in union-free firms earn 20% more than those in similar firms that are fully unionised.
On both occasions they had to overcome fierce resistance, as anybody must who takes on America's unionised and sclerotic public-school system.
Over-unionised and unaccountable, America's school system needs the same sort of competition that makes its universities the envy of the world.
Mr Bersani's bill won broad support in cabinet only because it affected non-unionised groups such as pharmacists, lawyers and cab drivers.
Moreover, Minas Gerais is well away from Sao Paulo's heavily unionised industrial belt, and thus offers important advantages, particularly labour flexibility.
It has a growing joint venture in China, though there is a threat that its 30, 000 employees may be unionised anathema in Bentonville.
Long ago, he helped a dying Fleet Street burst its unionised bonds.
The unionised, integrated producers have lost about half of their market share.
Some Marriott hotels are already unionised typically in cities that insist on it.
American steel is really two industries: a group of low-cost, non-unionised mini-mills and an array of unionised, capital- and labour-intensive integrated steel producers.
ECONOMIST: Why protecting American steel is such a rotten idea
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