No one would have been more appalled by this than Pakistan's founder, Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

ECONOMIST: Was Partition always going to be violent?

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan's founder, made it clear that he thought Pakistan should be a country for Muslims, not an Islamic country.

ECONOMIST: Pakistan

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, was secular through and through.

WSJ: Pakistan's Struggle for Modernity

At the airport in Karachi, supporters carried green flags with the likenesses of Mr. Musharraf and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, and handed out bags of pink petal-shaped confetti.

WSJ: Former President Pervez Musharraf Returns to Pakistan

He tried the patience of more practical and straightforwardly ambitious politicians like Nehru, for example by proposing Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan's would-be leader, as India's first prime minister, to avert partition.

ECONOMIST: Indian biography: Skin deep | The

In Pakistan, for instance, he describes how the inclusive secular nationalism of the country's first leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah (a nominal Shia) gave way to Sunni majoritarianism promoted by Shia-averse Saudi Arabia.

ECONOMIST: Shia Muslims

He praised Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Islamic country's founder, and said he was sad about the destruction, in 1992, of a mosque built on the alleged site of a Hindu temple in Ayodhya.

ECONOMIST: India

India's main opposition, the Bharatiya Janata Party, expelled one of its senior members, Jaswant Singh, a former foreign and finance minister, for publishing a book that praises Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan.

ECONOMIST: Politics this week

The country had been set up as a homeland for Indian Muslims, but it had been a more or less secular state, as envisaged by its founder, the clean-shaven, tweed-jacketed, and Anglicized Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

NEWYORKER: Days of Rage