Under the memorandum, Iraq is allowed legally to sell oil in exchange for food.
The new North Korean government publicly committed last month to placing a freeze on its nuclear and long-range missile programs in exchange for food aid from Washington.
After years of personal and economic struggles, she eventually set up a recycling system where families could bring their garbage to be her for recycling, in exchange for food at the local grocery store.
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The UN has around 150 international observers in Iraq, who travel across the country visiting food warehouses and other installations to check on the implementation of the UN's humanitarian programme, under which Iraq is allowed to sell oil in exchange for food, medicine and other vital supplies.
Ilyushin, who was head of the Vladivostok region at the time, says the local government turned a blind eye as people broke all sorts of Soviet rules and sold scrap metal, surplus cement and anything else it could find to the Chinese in exchange for food and clothing.
In Ethiopia, for example, farmers receive cash and food in exchange for work on community projects through the government-led Productive Safety Nets Program, which both the U.S. and the UK support.
In a now-defunct U.S.-North Korean agreement in which Washington had planned last year to give food aid to Pyongyang in exchange for nuclear concessions, Washington had said it was prepared to increase people-to-people exchanges with the North, including in the areas of culture, education and sports.
Last year, the State Department announced an agreement with Pyongyang for the delivery of food aid to North Korea in exchange for steps to contain its nuclear program.
The launch will contravene an agreement Pyongyang reached last month which would have seen it receive food aid in exchange for a partial freeze on nuclear activities and an end to ballistics tests.
He said the administration made it clear that talks with Pyongyang about possibly giving food aid in exchange for a freeze in North Korea's enrichment activities and a move toward denuclearization could not advance if the leadership didn't keep its commitments.
It has perfected the ploy of offering unverifiable concessions on its nuclear and missile programs in exchange for money, trade, oil, and food, only to renege and keep the aid.
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On February 29, the U.S. agreed to provide 240, 000 tons of food to North Korea in exchange for its promises to freeze missile tests and uranium enrichment, and to grant international inspectors access to its plutonium production facility at Yongbyon.
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Last year, the U.S. announced an agreement to send food aid to the North in exchange for closer international monitoring of its nuclear program.
In March 2012, Pyongyang agreed to halt portions of its nuclear and missile programs and accept the return of nuclear inspectors in exchange for 240, 000 metric tons of U.S. food aid.
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