...optimal tax benchmarks)相比较才能算出来,也就是说实际税收如果低于“最优”水平,那么就意味着存在“税收补贴”(tax subsidy)。对于石油产品而言,考虑到合理收入分配因素以及对环境的负面影响,“最优”税收水平应该高于其他的消费品。
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tax-subsidy 税收
Tax free income subsidy 免税的补贴收入 ; 免税的津贴收入
anti-subsidy tax 反补贴税
Tax x free income subsidy 免税的补贴收入
tax revenue subsidy 税收补助金
subsidy tax 补贴税
For example, a tax subsidy for car purchases caused GDP to rise in the third quarter of 2009, with more than two-thirds of the increase attributable to motor-vehicle production.
例如,为购车税收补贴造成的本地生产总值的增长在2009年第三季度超过三分之二的增长归因于汽车产量的三分之二。
If Copenhagen does not reach agreement on it we will do it next year, either via a subsidy, levy or tax.
如果在哥本哈根没有达成协议,我们明年就会自己来,不管是用补贴还是征税的方法。
Empirical studies were dealing with an actual tax, while modelling studies predicted outcomes based on a hypothetical tax or subsidy.
经验研究涉及的是实际税收,而建模研究则在假设税或补贴的基础上预测了结果。
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