Biomarkers - research that yields biomarkers of heavy alcohol consumption, the liability to alcoholism, biomarkers of physiological dependence on alcohol and compulsive drinking behavior.

生物标记——制备出与重度酒精消耗、酗酒易感性、生理依赖性和强迫饮用行为有关的生物标记。

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Alcohol dependence is a complex disorder which is influenced by physiological, psychological, environmental factors, individual inheritance and so on.

酒精依赖综合征受到复杂的生理、心理、个体遗传及环境等诸多因素的影响。

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Drugs such as benzodiazepines that can produce these types of withdrawal problems are said to produce "physiological dependence, " which is a fancy word for meaning they can be addictive.

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Ms Sandford said that if addiction to smoking was a mental, as well as a physiological, dependence then it was logical that anti-depressants could could play a role in helping smokers to quit.

BBC: Smoking