Methods: Electron spin resonance (ESR) and the new techniques of spin labeling and oxygen spin probe were used in the study.

方法：采用电子自旋共振（ESR）、氧自旋探针和自旋标记等技术方法测定。

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METHODS: Electron probe quantitative and position microanalysis was used to measure the depth and element composition of the reaction layer of the Ti-porcelain.

方法：利用电子探针定点定量分析方法测量钛瓷反应层厚度及元素构成情况。

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Methods the spatial distribution of the compositional elements in incipient enamel caries was obtained by spot selection, line and map analyses with electron probe microanalysis technique (EPMA).

方法应用电子探针微区分析(EPMA)技术对初期釉质龋中化学成分的空间分布进行选定微区、线扫描及面扫描分析。

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