Most were small, domestically oriented firms that combined low cost, low quality and exploitation of workers, says Mr Hassenfeld.

哈森·菲尔德先生说，其中绝大多数是小规模的、面向国内的公司，它们成本低、质量差并且剥削工人。

youdao

As Rafael Domenech, an economist at BBVA, points out, they also include the gulf between the productivity of big exporting companies and small domestically oriented firms.

BBVA经济学家拉斐尔•杜曼奇指出，大型出口公司和小型内销型公司之间生产力的差距也是双重性的体现。

youdao

Strapped for capital, Japan's beleaguered banks, almost everyone agrees, are loth to lend to any company with the slightest whiff of risk, which means mainly smallish domestically oriented ones.

ECONOMIST: Japan