He said that couples, gay and straight, who wanted fertility treatment were often worried about the effect on a child of knowing that they could track down their missing biological parent.

他说，寻求辅助生育治疗的伴侣，不管是同性恋还是异性恋，都很担心如果孩子知道自己能找回生父母会有什么后果。

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'If you look at the studies into paternity, even conservative figures show that between eight and 15 percent of children haven't been fathered by the man who thinks he's the biological parent.

如果你查看有关父子关系的研究，即使是保守的数据也显示出8%到15%的小孩没有被父亲照顾过，不管是不是亲生父亲。

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The 42% of Americans who have at least one step-relative typically feel a stronger sense of obligation to their biological parent, child or sibling than to their step-relatives, the Pew survey says.

约42%的美国人至少有一个继亲，皮尤的调查结果显示，这些人往往觉得，自己对亲生父母、亲生子女或亲兄弟姐妹的义务感，比对继亲的义务感更加强烈。

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No child should know their biological parents and no parent should know their child.

没有小孩应该认亲,也没有父母应该辨认出他们的孩子。

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But 8.6% of those who had at least one biological parent who abused drugs had their own abuse problems versus 4.2% of adoptees whose biological parents did not have a history of drug abuse.

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Many parents who chose not to tell were concerned, she said, that they would be able to give relatively little information about the biological parent - as sperm donation is carried out on an anonymous basis.

BBC: Donor sperm children 'kept in dark'

Ms MacCallum said the fact parental warmth and quality of parenting was similar in all three groups showed "it is the level of commitment to parenting that is important, and not the presence or absence of biological links between parent and children".

BBC: NEWS | Health | Donor embryo children 'not told'