Now, we have a process in late Medieval Europe of the consolidation of territorial monarchies.

现在,我们来探讨欧洲中世纪末期的,领土兼并以及王权强化

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Even the development of this theory of absolute rule is in response to the rise of these territorial states like Spain, and France, and Russia later.

绝对主义理论的发展,是与领土国的兴起相呼应,像西班牙,法国,以及后来的俄国

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

The Russian empire, the state of Muscovy had already expanded greatly, but it's really Peter the Great, it's the big guy who expanded Russia, its territorial size enormously.

沙俄帝国在此之前已有大幅扩张,但是,是彼得大帝,是这个大家伙扩张了俄国领土,他统治下的沙俄幅员辽阔

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

As I already suggested, and I would insist upon this again, that the consolidation of territorial rulers had already given the basis to an expanding, more formalized state structure, even in England.

我提到过 现在再强调一遍,国家的兼并,君权的加强为一个日益庞大,更有章法的现代国家的形成奠定了基础,在英格兰也是如此

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Now, out of all of this, again to repeat, we are not making the argument that the Thirty Years' War itself led to absolute rule, that the growth of state structures can be seen in the beginning and the late medieval period with the consolidation of these territorial monarchies.

综上所述,我再重复一遍,我们并不能推断说,三十年战争本身导致了绝对主义的发展,国家的构建在中世纪的早期,以及晚期的领土兼并中就已经初见端倪

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选