Moreover, the role of deep-water circulation on the growth and distribution of ferromanganese nodules is still under debate.
Paleoceanography and global change: deep and shallow water circulation is driven by climate.
However, both economically as well as for the large scientific and public community, the processes and products of deep-water circulation remain poorly known.
Poor water circulation meant that the organic material was covered before it could decompose, and it was eventually transformed into oil and natural gas.
Based upon the success of the first Deep-Water Circulation congress in Baiona (16-18 June 2010), an initiative has been developed to start an International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) on Contourites.
Ecosystems and environmental change: over the past decade it has become clear that most of the deep-water ecosystems (cold-water corals) are highly influenced by the presence of deep-water circulation.
"On Earth, usually, these veins are formed by water circulation in fractures, and this usually occurs in low to moderate temperatures, " said ChemCam team member Nicolas Mangold of the Laboratoire de Planetologie et Geodynamique de Nantes, France.
It uses so-called passive systems for cooling, such as the gravity flow of water and natural circulation based on thermodynamics.
The cause of this cold lurch was seemingly settled some time ago when Wallace Broecker, a Columbia University geochemist, suggested that a North American ice sheet collapsed, flooding the Atlantic with fresh water, which interrupted the normal circulation of the Gulf Stream.
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Normally, circulation would channel the hydrogen and oxygen to a recombiner where they would be restored back to water, but in the hours after the reactors were shut down, hydrogen was accumulating and separating in the wetwell and reached a point where it was vented into the sparse steel-frame structure at the top of the reactor building.
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