These innovative solutions entail reusing most of the water to frack additional wells so that ultimately, contaminated materials are reduced to a tiny fraction by volume so that it can be safely delivered to hazardous waste disposal facilities.

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Thorp may have been the first to discover that Madoff could not have been hedging his customers accounts because the actual reported volume of trading in stock options was a small fraction of the trades that he alone was claiming.

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An interim solution involves setting up high-volume spay-and-neuter clinics that can do dozens of operations a day for a fraction of what a full-service vet charges.

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