Petersburg, solar activity is waning, so the average yearly temperature will begin to decline as well.
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Dr Hathaway notes a widespread misconception that solar activity varies every 11 years "like a pure sinusoid".
Curiosity flew to Mars during a period of low to moderate solar activity.
And this storm, while strong, may seem fiercer because Earth has been lulled by several years of weak solar activity.
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Conversely, when solar activity is less intense, more cosmic rays get through.
Svensmark then teamed up with Friis-Christensen to review solar activity, cloud cover and cosmic ray levels recorded using satellite data available since 1979.
Global temperatures have not varied with CO2, but have followed instead the varying patterns of natural causes, such as solar activity, and ocean temperature cycles.
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While the solar activity often produces a magnificent aurora in the night sky, it also can interfere with satellites, aviation radar, radio signals and other electronic equipment.
Studies of space weather aid in the development of early warning systems for solar storms and help to minimize the damage from turbulent solar activity, researchers said.
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Zeitlin and his colleagues found voyagers could be exposed to between 554 and 770 millisieverts of ionizing radiation during the trip, depending on the level of solar activity.
Among the possibilities: Have astronauts wear a deployable shield resembling a heavy winter coat or have them hunker down in a storm shelter aboard the spacecraft during periods of high solar activity.
Other that it is all natural caused by changes in solar activity, the angle of the axis of the earth, something, anything, and now cosmic rays and the formation of Aitken nuclei.
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The Little Ice Age, following the historically warm temperatures of the Medieval Warm Period, which lasted from about AD 950 to 1250, has been attributed to natural cycles in solar activity, particularly sunspots.
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Scientists have been puzzling for some time over exactly what combination of factors is preventing the earth getting even warmer - maybe changes in solar activity, ocean currents or emissions of aerosol pollution.
Solar activity fluctuates over an approximate 11-year cycle.
Additional natural warming can be explained by increased solar activity during the last four centuries, as well as simply being part of a natural and persistent warming recovery since the end of the Little Ice Age of AD 1300-1900.
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Michael Mann notwithstanding, there is good evidence that unusually cold periods have been recorded in times of reduced solar activity, and that the warming of the second half of the 20th century has coincided with a series of unusually strong solar cycles.
The book expresses the growing concern among more careful real climate scientists, rather than political scientists, that trends in solar activity portend a return to the cold, limited agricultural output, and widespread disease of the Little Ice Age, or even a more full blown, overdue by historical standards, real ice age.
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But weather does respond to changes in the solar radiation activity of the sun.
Fortunately, many of the concepts and tools needed to mitigate the consequences of solar storm activity for the electrical grid exist today.
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The research indicated that influences in solar changes and intermittent volcanic activity have accounted for at least 80% of observed climate variation over the past half century.
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Astrophysicists must continually observe as many nearby solar analogues as possible, using spectroscopy to measure stellar magnetic activity.
Solar scientists have been waiting since December 2008 for signs that sunspot activity is picking up but so far without success.
The Index also showed that although fuel-cell technologies remained the hottest of the hot spots in cleantech IP development, solar technologies received more attention than wind power in terms of overall patenting activity in 2010.
Industrial fabrication demand for silver is set to rise by 6% this year, according to consultant Thomson Reuters GFMS, led by accelerating economic activity in India and China, rising global auto sales and a steadying solar industry.
As noted in the paper, the IPCC models also fail to incorporate climate modulating effects of solar changes such as cloud-forming influences of cosmic rays throughout periods of reduced sunspot activity.
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Activity is likely to peak over the next year or so and could bring strong solar storms.
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