The judge was left with the impression that there were reasonable grounds to believe Mr Watson was involved in money laundering, which was untrue.

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The exchange's enforcement arm says JPMorgan inaccurately marked sell orders, submitted inaccurate trading data and transacted short sales without reasonable grounds to believe the stocks could be borrowed.

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Having slipped catastrophes like the 1914-1945 worldwide conflicts (with 100 million dead), or the nuclear threat of the 44 cold years that followed, there are also reasonable grounds to believe we can work out our problems.

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Instead, the government says cellphone tracking is governed by a 1986 law that requires only that police provide a judge with facts "showing that there are reasonable grounds to believe" the material sought is relevant to a criminal investigation.

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Most importantly, the interdiction provisions involve conditional language that could function as a loophole for non-compliance, mandating states to inspect cargo, but only if they have "reasonable grounds" to believe that cargo contains prohibited items.

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Mr Warnock said the arresting officer had "more than reasonable" grounds to believe that arrest was necessary so the detention and search were as well.

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