Mr Mankiw's example of the Indian radiologist shows how the internet could help lower costs and raise productivity in health care.
It would put Americans to work quickly and raise productivity in the long term, a Keynesian kick with benefits for years to come.
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But he also says they raise the nation's productivity, raise the earnings of lower skilled workers and pay more in taxes than they use in services.
Without the option of a currency devaluation, countries such as Spain, Portugal and Italy have no alternative but to restrain labour costs and bring in supply-side reforms that raise productivity, especially through the freeing of labour markets.
The assessment argues that modest outlays on rain-fed agriculture, in particular, could drastically improve the productivity of farming in poor countries and so help both to raise farmers' incomes and also to cut the need for an expansion of agriculture elsewhere.
First, high-skilled immigrants do not compete directly with low-skilled Americans, they complement each other, so that an increase in the former group is likely to raise the productivity and wages of the latter.
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Peng Dingding, a Beijing-based economist, is worried that, at a time when China needs to invest more and raise productivity, policymakers are instead obsessed with stimulating domestic demand in the mistaken belief that the country can eat, drink and consume itself to prosperity.
After Mr Nyerere's resignation in 1985, his successor, Ali Hassan Mwinyi, attempted to raise productivity and attract foreign investment and loans by dismantling government control of the economy.
He has been making noises, rarely heard in the days of the Delors commission, about the need to cut costs and raise productivity.
Performance-related pay is widespread in private firms, where managers regard it as an effective way to motivate staff and raise productivity.
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