Mr. Dudley believes the promise extends down the eastern coast of the U.S. The reason is plate tectonics.
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Whether subterranean life could have ever created the kind of photosynthetic atmosphere without plate tectonics is open for debate.
It also gave us plate tectonics, which continuously renews and rumples the surface.
Three and a half miles high, with no evidence of folding, faulting, or plate tectonics, it was like nothing on Earth.
By the 1960s, scientists had developed a theory called plate tectonics explaining the locations of volcanoes and other large-scale geologic features.
Geological processes, such as plate tectonics, erupting volcanoes, advancing glaciers and river networks, have altered Earth's surface over billions of years.
The latter is made up of six different instrument stations that gather data on plate tectonics, hydrothermal vents and deep sea creatures.
Unlike on Earth, however, Mars has no plate tectonics, so the Martian layers are flat and not disrupted as they would be on Earth.
The rock occurs some 20km or more down, although in areas where plate tectonics have forced up some of the mantle, peridotite reaches the surface.
The Earth is just too unusual a place, they insisted, with its stable orbit, nearby moon, watery surface, plate tectonics and unique position in the galaxy.
He built a Sonic Pavilion in Brazil that records the sound of plate tectonics one year, and then created a video and performance piece on a barge in Greece the next.
Some things which seem obvious now could not have been found without maps: that Brazil's bulge fits neatly into West Africa's dent, and so to the theory of plate tectonics, for example.
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She takes her visit to the Galapagos, for example, as the starting point for an explanation of plate tectonics (the itchy movements of the various plates that comprise the earth's ever-shifting surface) that created these islands.
Plate tectonics, the formation of faults and the moving of the continental crust over a molten interior, is a characteristic unique to Earth and it meant that minerals evolved far beyond those on any other planet in the Solar System.
This unusual approach gives Mr Pohl the freedom to delve into an extraordinarily diverse range of topics, including the operation of neutrino observatories, the physics of rainbows, the principles of plate tectonics, and how to search for fossils in your office's marble lobby.
After gorging on bear meat, the expedition's scientists bring back evidence that helps prove the controversial theory of continental drift, which gives rise in due course to the science of plate tectonics, which explains why it was that Krakatoa blew itself up--and will do so again, in eons hence.
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