History develops like a river as it cuts a channel, a collective memory.
As a result, harsh as it may seem, a country whose collective memory is still scarred by the austerity demanded by the IMF in the early 1980s must once again subject itself to tough reforms demanded by foreigners.
It has become a marker of local history and a medium for transferring collective memory from one generation to another.
He called it the phonograph, and it took a long time for librarians to figure out that the echoes of speech and music that Edison and his successors etched on discs were as important a part of our collective memory as the words that Johannes Gutenberg and his successors printed on paper.
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The barbarism perpetrated on March 11, 2004, has left a deep imprint of pain on our collective memory, an imprint that stays with us as a homage to the victims.
Once widely mocked for its sterility and ugliness, it has now become, in the collective memory of America, a hallowed gravesite for the thousands of people who died there--and a potent emblem of commerce, bowed but unbeaten.
But also lurking back there is the collective memory that he actively participated in a functioning government for a while.
Regional and national recognition of oral traditions on a continent where they play a vital role is a perfect example of how culture can defend the collective memory and contribute to dialogue and development.
Does it matter that our collective memory locks the two men together in a mythic embrace?
In Britain's political youthocracy all three party leaders are in their 40s the 60-year-old Mr Howard was the personification of yesterday's man: one of the most-disliked members of a government that even loyal Tories try to expunge from their collective memory.
Yet Gray's "Elegy" also rose above the ghetto of a genre, expressing universal ideas in lines that worked their way into collective memory.
Short term credit markets, paranoid and nervous given recent collective memory of the implosion that was 2008, have already begun to anticipate a possible default.
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The atrocity at Halabja scarred the collective memory of Iraqi Kurds and hardened their determination to run their own affairs autonomously within a loose Iraqi federation, our correspondent says.
But the sheer magnitude of the human tragedy of the second world war puts it in a class of its own, and its relative closeness to the present day makes claims on the collective memory that more remote horrors cannot.
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